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Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, represent a crucial subgroup in cellular communication. First proposed by Johnstone et al. in 1983 during the study of erythrocyte differentiation, exosomes were officially identified in 1987 through ultracentrifugation. These membrane-bound small bodies, released from cells through the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the cell membrane, range in diameter from 40 nm to 100 nm. Exosomes display diverse shapes, including flat or spherical bodies, some exhibiting a cup-shaped morphology, especially in bodily fluids where they predominantly appear as spherical entities.

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In recent years, aptamers have emerged as a groundbreaking tool in molecular diagnostics, offering new possibilities for the detection of a wide range of diseases. These short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules are capable of binding to specific targets with high affinity and specificity, much like antibodies. However, aptamers come with unique advantages that make them especially promising for next-generation diagnostic platforms, particularly in challenging fields such as cancer and viral infections.

In the search for new therapies, immuno-oncology has emerged as one of the most promising frontiers. The idea that the body’s own immune system can be trained to recognize and eliminate cancer has reshaped how researchers think about drug development. Yet turning this vision into reality requires a highly structured process, one that begins with identifying the right molecular targets, continues with the production of therapeutic antibodies and proteins, and culminates in rigorous biologics testing to ensure both safety and efficacy.