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Cell therapy involves introducing new cells into tissue to treat disease, representing a paradigm shift from traditional pharmaceutical approaches that use chemical compounds. This biological treatment harnesses living cells' natural abilities to repair, replace, or regenerate damaged tissues, offering solutions for conditions previously considered untreatable.

The most established cell therapy is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, used for decades to treat blood cancers and disorders. Donor stem cells replace diseased bone marrow, restoring healthy blood cell production. More recently, CAR-T cell therapy revolutionized cancer treatment by genetically engineering a patient's T cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells. This personalized approach achieves remarkable remission rates in certain leukemias and lymphomas.

Cell therapy types vary by cell source and mechanism. Autologous therapy uses the patient's own cells, avoiding immune rejection. Allogeneic therapy uses donor cells, offering off-the-shelf availability but requiring immunosuppression. Cell sources include stem cells, immune cells, and differentiated cells like pancreatic islet cells for diabetes treatment.

The therapeutic process typically involves harvesting cells, processing or modifying them in specialized laboratories, then administering them back to patients through injection or infusion. Cells migrate to target tissues where they exert therapeutic effects through multiple mechanisms: replacing damaged cells, secreting healing factors, modulating immune responses, or stimulating resident cells to regenerate.

Challenges include manufacturing complexity, high costs, and ensuring consistent quality. Cell viability during storage and transportation requires careful management. Long-term safety monitoring tracks potential adverse effects. Despite these challenges, cell therapy's potential continues expanding with ongoing research into treating neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure, and autoimmune disorders.

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