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Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and exhibit several key properties of monosaccharides that are vital in biology. They are highly soluble in water due to their multiple hydroxyl groups, facilitating easy transport in organisms. Monosaccharides can exist in linear and ring forms, with ring structures being predominant in aqueous environments. They show optical activity because of their chiral carbon atoms, leading to isomers like D-glucose and L-glucose. These properties enable them to participate in essential reactions, forming disaccharides and polysaccharides important for energy storage and structural functions.